Abstract
IMPORTANCE: In Ethiopia, more than 70% of infants with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) lack access to surgery. Infants who are untreated can experience severe malnutrition and extreme social stigma resulting in abandonment. Utilities are standardized measures of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) that inform health care resource allocation. However, CL/P utilities are missing from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). OBJECTIVE: To elicit utilities for untreated and surgically treated children with CL/P with consideration for social determinants of health from patient-proxy and societal participants. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study used patient proxies and societal participants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from July 1, 2019, to January 30, 2020. Eligible patient proxies were caregivers of children younger than 18 years with nonsyndromic CL/P who were untreated or received surgery. Proxies were necessary as most patients were 0 to 4 years old and cannot reliably self-report. Eligible societal participants were 18 years and older with no family history of CL/P. EXPOSURES: Surgical treatment and social determinants of health. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Participants measured utilities using the visual analog scale (VAS), time trade-off (TTO), and standard gamble (SG). RESULTS: In this study, 312 patient proxies and 135 societal participants were recruited. Mean (SD) utilities for untreated CL/P ranged from 0.57 (0.23) to 0.70 (0.22) from patient proxies and from 0.35 (0.21) to 0.8 (0.23) from societal participants, depending on utility instrument and cleft type. Surgical treatment was associated with a better HRQOL from the patient-proxy perspective (VAS, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.26; TTO, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.25) from the societal perspective (VAS, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.26; TTO, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.22; SG, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.15). Social determinants of health that were associated with patient-proxy utilities were income above the national mean (VAS, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.17; TTO, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.20), and religion (Christian vs other: TTO, -0.10; 95% CI, -0.17 to -0.03). From the societal perspective, the association between treatment and utilities was smaller in females compared with males (TTO, -0.05; 95% CI, -0.10 to -0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The findings of this study suggest that CL/P disease severity and surgical impact in Ethiopia were undervalued by previous estimates from high-income countries and were associated with social determinants of health. Utility studies from participants from LMICs are feasible and necessary for representing HRQOL in LMICs and addressing health inequalities.