Abstract
Aim: To summarize the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapy of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) induced rare but severe cardiac adverse events, focusing primarily on immune- mediated myocarditis, and also a case presentation of one of our patients. Methods: Based on a review of the literature and clinical experience, we present the pathophysiology, diagnostic steps, and treatment options for ICI-induced myocarditis. Results: Myocarditis is associated with high mortality and is difficult to diagnose, as symptoms are nonspecific and the sensitivity of laboratory, imaging, and invasive tests varies. Following early diagnosis, high-dose steroid therapy can significantly improve survival. Conclusions: With the increasing use of ICI therapies, the recognition and management of severe cardiotoxic adverse events require a multidisciplinary approach and prompt intervention. Further prospective studies are needed to establish standardized therapeutic guidelines.