Abstract
The aim was to assess the differences in the burden and risk factors of female cancers among women aged 20-94 years across regions and countries, in order to provide a reference for formulating tailored interventions. The study analyzed the incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study. Age-period-cohort model evaluated the effects of the age, period, and cohort on the burden, and negative binomial regression explored the association of the socio-demographic index (SDI) with the burden. From 1990 to 2021, regional and national incidence, deaths, and DALYs of female cancers varied markedly. Overall, SDI was significantly positively associated with the incidence of female cancers, except for cervical cancer (with a negative relationship). High body-mass index as the leading risk factor of uterine cancer contributed to the higher burden, such as in the USA and higher SDI regions. Diet high in red meat, unsafe sex, and high body-mass index were the leading risk factors for breast cancer, cervical cancer, and uterine cancer, respectively; however, other socioeconomic and cultural factors should be considered, such as in the rural areas of China and lower SDI regions. A slightly increasing trend in the burden of breast cancer in the recent birth cohorts indicated the effect of generational experiences. The disease burden of female cancers has increased and varies with SDI levels and regions. The findings provide new insights into the development of targeted preventive measures for the specific region from the perspective of social and cultural context.