Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a blood-feeding gastrointestinal nematode that significantly impacts the health and productivity of small ruminants. The burden of parasitism and the escalating incidence of anthelmintic resistance necessitate alternative control methods. Here, we characterize the enzymatic activities of five mammalian cell-expressed recombinant H. contortus cysteine proteases (HcCPs), which include two cathepsin B-like proteins (HcCBP1 and HcCBP2) and three cysteine protease 1 proteins (HcCP1a, HcCP1b, and HcCP1c). We hypothesize that these enzymes degrade host blood proteins, thereby facilitating the parasite's nutrient acquisition and survival. Using synthetic cathepsin (cat) substrates, we show that HcCBP2 was the only protein that exhibited high catB/L but low catB or catK activity, which was inhibited by the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64. All mHcCPs degraded fibrinogen (Fg), which led to delayed plasma clotting, reduced clot density, and lysed plasma clots. All HcCPs partially degraded hemoglobin (Hb), except for mHcCBP2, which degraded Hb and bovine serum albumin completely and bovine IgG partially in the presence of a reducing agent. In conclusion, by sustaining blood feeding and facilitating immune evasion and nutrient acquisition, the HcCPs may play an essential role in the parasite's survival. Thus, vaccines or cysteine protease inhibitors targeting these parasitic enzymes may mitigate or prevent infections.