Abstract
Environmental micro- and nanoplastic pollution is becoming increasingly severe; it can infiltrate organisms and cause tissue dysfunction, posing a potential hidden danger that may lead to human diseases and exacerbate the severity of this pollution. In recent years, the biotoxicity of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) has been extensively investigated using animal models. However, most studies and reports have not sufficiently explored the specific mechanisms of biological hazards. Here, we summarize several mechanisms through which MNPs induce brain injury. These studies indicate that the application of interdisciplinary technologies has enhanced toxicological investigations of these tiny particles, helping to clarify their underlying mechanisms. For example, the use of brain in vivo imaging technology enables real-time monitoring of MNPs in living mice, facilitating the observation and recording of their functional processes and elucidating their toxicological effects. To advance in this field, it is essential to incorporate high-definition imaging technology, organoids, bioinformatics, big data analysis, and other innovations into micro- and nanoplastic toxicology research. Researchers should effectively link these advanced technologies to specific scientific challenges to better elucidate the mechanisms underlying micro- and nanoplastic biohazards, establish foundational theories in this area, and foster the integration of environmental science with life sciences.