Abstract
RNA regulatory networks play a central role in cancer development and progression, influencing key biological processes such as cell cycle control, proliferation, apoptosis and tumor microenvironment interactions. MicroRNA (miR) variants, specifically isomiRs, have emerged as a novel research focus due to their altered target specificity and cancer-specific expression patterns, highlighting their potential as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Additionally, advanced technologies such as single-cell sequencing and CRISPR screening offer novel avenues to dissect the complexity of RNA networks and identify key regulators for personalized therapy. The present review provides an integrative overview of RNA regulatory mechanisms, with a particular focus on the functional dynamics of isomiRs and competing endogenous RNA networks. Finally, the translational potential of isomiRs in precision oncology is described and key challenges and future directions in the field are outlined.