Abstract
In the last decades, adults and pediatric obesity have become a major issue in developed countries. Considerable research has been conducted in patients with acute lymphoblastic (ALL) and myeloid leukemia (AML) with the aim of correlating body mass index (BMI) and outcomes in patients undergoing chemotherapy for hematological diseases. In adults, a high BMI has been associated with increased leukemia-related mortality. Whether a similar effect exists in the pediatric setting remains controversial. Some of the studies detailed in this review have reported no differences in outcomes according to BMI, whilst other reports have described higher treatment-related mortality, increased risk of relapse and death. Although the link between BMI and acute leukemia outcomes is controversial, a large number of studies describe poorer survival rates in children with AML or ALL with higher BMI. On the other hand, being underweight has been associated with higher treatment-related toxicity. Understanding more about the impact of BMI in pediatric leukemia is of utmost importance to provide prompt intervention and improve outcomes.