Abstract
Globally, cancer is still one of the leading causes of mortality because of its complicated metabolic reprogramming and angiogenesis, which underpin its development and progression in addition to its uncontrolled growth of cells. Tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis are all significantly impacted by the intricate and dynamic process of angiogenesis, which is managed by a variety of pro- and anti-angiogenic molecules. Furthermore, mitochondria, which are responsible for signal transduction and cellular energy synthesis, delicately control a variety of metabolic processes, influencing crucial biological phenomena including apoptosis and cell growth. Changes in mitochondrial dynamics, which stands for the fluctuating equilibrium between mito-fission and fusion and horizontal mitochondrial transfer (HMT) that is essential for preserving mitochondrial homeostasis and quality, are among the metabolic abnormalities commonly seen in tumor cells. Additionally, the malignant cells undergoes significant metabolic alterations that affect a variety of processes, including energy production, macromolecule biosynthesis, and nutrient uptake. Therefore, this review summarizes in general the different signaling pathways involved in tumor angiogenesis, reviews new findings about mitochondrial dynamics, and looks at key metabolic pathways such as OXPHOS, lipid metabolism, glycolysis, and glutaminolysis, with an emphasis on how these pathways contribute to the development of tumors. Also, examine further how tumor suppressors and oncogenes interact to modify these pathways. We also go over treatment strategies that target cancer angiogenesis, as well as changes in mitochondrial dynamics, transfer and metabolism.