Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nelore cattle play a key role in tropical production systems due to their resilience to harsh conditions, such as heat stress and seasonally poor nutrition. Monitoring their genetic diversity is essential to manage the negative impacts of inbreeding. Traditionally, inbreeding and inbreeding depression are assessed by pedigree-based coefficients (F), but recently, genetic markers have been preferred for their precision in capturing the inbreeding level and identifying animals at risk of reduced productive and reproductive performance. Hence, we compared the inbreeding and inbreeding depression for productive and reproductive performance traits in Nelore cattle using different inbreeding coefficient estimation methods from pedigree information (F(Ped)), the genomic relationship matrix (F(GRM)), runs of homozygosity (F(ROH)) of different lengths (> 1 Mb (genome), between 1 and 2 Mb - F(ROH 1-2); 2-4 Mb F(ROH 2-4) or > 8 Mb F(ROH >8)) and excess homozygosity (F(SNP)). RESULTS: The correlation between F(Ped) and F(ROH) was lower when the latter was based on shorter segments (r = 0.15 with F(ROH 1-2), r = 0.20 with F(ROH 2-4) and r = 0.28 with F(ROH 4-8)). Meanwhile, the F(Ped) had a moderate correlation with F(SNP) (r = 0.47) and high correlation with F(ROH >8) (r = 0.58) and F(ROH-genome) (r = 0.60). The F(ROH-genome) was highly correlated with inbreeding based on F(ROH>8) (r = 0.93) and F(SNP) (r = 0.88). The F(GRM) exhibited a high correlation with F(ROH-genome) (r = 0.55) and F(ROH >8) (r = 0.51) and a lower correlation with other inbreeding estimators varying from 0.30 for F(ROH 2-4) to 0.37 for F(ROH 1-2). Increased levels of inbreeding had a negative impact on the productive and reproductive performance of Nelore cattle. The unfavorable inbreeding effect on productive and reproductive traits ranged from 0.12 to 0.51 for F(Ped), 0.19-0.59 for F(GRM), 0.21-0.58 for F(ROH-genome), and 0.19-0.54 for F(SNP) per 1% of inbreeding scaled on the percentage of the mean. When scaling the linear regression coefficients on the standard deviation, the unfavorable inbreeding effect varied from 0.43 to 1.56% for F(Ped), 0.49-1.97% for F(GRM), 0.34-2.2% for F(ROH-genome), and 0.50-1.62% for F(SNP) per 1% of inbreeding. The impact of the homozygous segments on reproductive and performance traits varied based on the chromosomes. This shows that specific homozygous chromosome segments can be signs of positive selection due to their beneficial effects on the traits. CONCLUSIONS: The low correlation observed between F(Ped) and genomic-based inbreeding estimates suggests that the presence of animals with one unknown parent (sire or dam) in the pedigree does not account for ancient inbreeding. The ROH hotspots surround genes related to reproduction, growth, meat quality, and adaptation to environmental stress. Inbreeding depression has adverse effects on productive and reproductive traits in Nelore cattle, particularly on age at puberty in young bulls and heifer calving at 30 months, as well as on scrotal circumference and body weight when scaled on the standard deviation of the trait.