Abstract
BACKGROUND: Paenibacillus polymyxa WLY78 is a Gram-positive, endospore-forming and N(2)-fixing bacterium. Our previous study has demonstrated that GlnR acts as both an activator and a repressor to regulate the transcription of the nif (nitrogen fixation) operon (nifBHDKENXhesAnifV) according to nitrogen availability, which is achieved by binding to the two GlnR-binding sites located in the nif promoter region. However, further study on the GlnR-mediated global regulation in this bacterium is still needed. RESULTS: In this study, global identification of the genes directly under GlnR control is determined by using chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). Our results reveal that GlnR directly regulates the transcription of 17 genes/operons, including a nif operon, 14 nitrogen metabolism genes/operons (glnRA, amtBglnK, glnA1, glnK1, glnQHMP, nasA, nasD1, nasD2EF, gcvH, ansZ, pucR, oppABC, appABCDF and dppABC) and 2 carbon metabolism genes (ldh3 and maeA1). Except for the glnRA and nif operon, the other 15 genes/operons are newly identified targets of GlnR. Furthermore, genome-wide transcription analyses reveal that GlnR not only directly regulates the expression of these 17 genes/operons, but also indirectly controls the expression of some other genes/operons involved in nitrogen fixation and the metabolisms of nitrogen and carbon. CONCLUSION: This study provides a GlnR-mediated regulation network of nitrogen fixation and the metabolisms of nitrogen and carbon.