Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Individual-, school-, and neighborhood-level support and connectedness may help to mitigate against school suspensions, which have profound health and social consequences. Most research on social connectedness and suspension has focused only on school connectedness, and much less is known about the effects of individual social support and neighborhood-level connectedness on suspension. METHODS: We examined associations between all three levels of connectedness and suspension in a cross-sectional analysis of a population-based youth sample in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. The Healthy Allegheny Teen Survey, a county-wide survey of 1813 male and female youth ages 14 to 19, assessed health risk/protective behaviors through random-digit-dialing in 2014. This survey included validated items evaluating each type of support as well as items assessing lifetime history of suspension. Logistic regression models examined associations between suspension and social support, school connectedness, and neighborhood-level cohesion. RESULTS: In fully adjusted logistic regression models examining associations between suspension and each type of support, youth with high social support had 0.38 times the odds of school suspension compared to youth with low social support (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.19-0.74). High levels of school connectedness and neighborhood-level cohesion were also associated with significantly lower odds of suspension (odds ratio [OR] 0.31, 95% CI 0.18-0.53; OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.16-0.47, respectively). Examining all 3 types of support jointly, school connectedness and neighborhood-level cohesion were significantly inversely related to suspension (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.24-0.71; OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.23-0.74, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Programs that foster connectedness at the individual-, school-, and neighborhood-level may help reduce school suspension.