Abstract
Ship emissions contribute to air pollution, increasing the adverse health impacts on people living in coastal cities. We estimated the impacts caused by ship emissions, both on air quality and human health, in 2015 and future (2030) within the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China. In addition, we assessed the potential health benefits of implementing an Emission Control Area (ECA) in the region by predicting avoided premature mortality with and without an ECA. In 2015, ship emissions increased PM(2.5) concentrations and O(3) mixing ratios by 1.4 μg/m(3) and 1.9 ppb, respectively, within the PRD region. This resulted in 466 and 346 excess premature acute deaths from PM(2.5) and O(3), respectively. Premature mortality from chronic exposures was even more significant, with 2,085 and 852 premature deaths from ship-related PM(2.5) and O(3), respectively. In 2030, we projected the future ship emissions with and without an ECA, using two possible land scenarios. With an ECA, we predicted 76% reductions in SO(2) and 13% reductions in NO (x) from the shipping sector. Assuming constant land emissions from 2015 in 2030 (2030 Constant scenario), we found that an ECA could avoid 811 PM(2.5)-related and 108 O(3)-related deaths from chronic exposures. Using 2030 Projected scenario for land emissions, we found that an ECA would avoid 1,194 PM(2.5)-related and 160 O(3)-related premature deaths in 2030. In both scenarios, implementing an ECA resulted in 30% fewer PM(2.5)-related premature deaths and 10% fewer O(3)-related premature deaths, illustrating the importance of reducing ship emissions.