Abstract
The Salton Sea (SS), California's largest inland lake at 816 square kilometers, formed in 1905 from a levee breach in an area historically characterized by natural wet-dry cycles as Lake Cahuilla. Despite more than a century of untreated agricultural drainage inputs, there has not been a systematic assessment of nutrient loading, cycling, and associated ecological impacts at this iconic waterbody. The lake is now experiencing unprecedented degradation, particularly following the 2003 Quantification Settlement Agreement-the largest agricultural-to-urban water transfer in the United States. Combined with high evaporation rates, reduced inflows have led to rapid lake shrinkage, with current maximum depths of only 10 m. Here we report distinct temporal and spatial patterns for nutrient dynamics at the SS for two decades spanning the period before and after major water transfer agreement. While external nutrient loading remains relatively consistent year-round, internal cycling varies seasonally. Winter exhibits high total phosphates and nitrate levels due to reduced primary productivity, with lower ammonium concentrations from increased oxygenation. Summer conditions shift to decreased phosphate and nitrate levels from enhanced primary production, sustained partly by internal phosphorus release from sediments during anoxic periods. Although N:P molar ratios can exceed 50:1 to 100:1 (far above the Redfield ratio of 16:1), phosphorus consistently remains at hypereutrophic levels (> 0.05 mg/L) challenging previous assumptions of phosphorus limitation. Post-2020 data show disrupted stratification patterns. Despite higher oxygen levels in bottom waters compared to 2004-2009, overall water column oxygenation has declined, reflecting altered hydrodynamics in the shallowing lake. These changes have intensified environmental challenges stemming from cultural eutrophication including harmful algal blooms, threatening both ecosystem and public health. Effective remediation will require significant reduction in external nutrient loading through constructed wetlands and/or treatment facilities at tributary mouths to reduce the lake's overall nutrient inventory over time.