Abstract
BACKGROUND: Post-systolic shortening (PSS) has emerged as a method for evaluating left ventricular dysfunction. We aimed to determine whether pathological PSS, alone or in combination with global longitudinal strain (GLS), is a prognostic factor for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with type 2 diabetes. We prospectively investigated 364 patients with type 2 diabetes aged 55-65 years in the CARDIPP study. All patients underwent echocardiography between 2005 and 2009. PSS, measured by speckle tracking echocardiography, was defined as myocardial contraction after aortic valve closure. Pathological PSS was defined as a post-systolic index > 5% and was calculated as follows: [(maximum longitudinal strain - peak systolic longitudinal strain)/(maximum longitudinal strain)]. The endpoint was any MACE, defined as hospitalization or death due to heart failure, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Cox proportional hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, hypertension, smoking, previous cardiovascular events, and HbA1c level. The mean follow-up time was 11.2 ± 2.3 years. RESULTS: Pathological PSS was associated with an increased risk of MACEs after adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors (HR 2.20, 95% CI 1.11-4.37). Subjects with reduced GLS, PSS and GLS combined in a risk prediction model, had an adjusted HR for MACEs of 2.94 (95% CI 1.33-6.52). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that PSS may provide additional prognostic information for patients with T2D when used alone or in combination with GLS.