Abstract
Cognitive control of emotion is important for social-emotional functioning. Yet, we know little about the development of implicit cognitive control of emotion (iCCOE) or its neural underpinnings during the start of adolescence. This study aimed to characterize the neural underpinnings of iCCOE in early adolescence and examine how iCCOE behavior and neural activation are related to sex and pubertal development. We used baseline data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development(SM) study (N = 7,897; age 8.9-11.0 years). Participants completed an emotional n-back task during functional MRI. We defined iCCOE as the interaction between cognitive load (2-back versus 0-back) and stimulus type (emotional faces vs. neutral faces or places). Pubertal development was measured by parent-report and hormone levels. Neural activation strongly increased in cognitive control regions during 2-back trials and to places; it decreased in the lateral parietal cortex during emotional versus neutral faces at 2-back. Test-retest reliability was low for iCCOE behavior and neural activation. There were no sex differences in iCCOE behavior or neural activation, and limited effects of pubertal development. Thus, the priority should be to develop a task that reliably captures interindividual differences in iCCOE. This would lead to better understanding of the development of iCCOE during adolescence in health and disease.