Abstract
Attempts to implement realistic body-environment interactions during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments have developed expensive, hardly reproducible, and task-specific setups. Here, we introduce MOTUM (Motion Online Tracking Under MRI), a novel system that combines real-time kinematic tracking with immersive virtual reality, enabling participants to perform naturalistic movements inside the scanner. As a proof-of-concept, we tested MOTUM during a reach-to-grasp task with and without visual feedback of one's hand (N = 7). The system achieved high-fidelity motion tracking, induced an intense immersive experience, evoked expected sensorimotor brain activations, and maintained high fMRI data quality. Standard fMRI control metrics were below the critical threshold in 99% of volumes, indicating that participants' arm movements had minimal impact on head motion and data quality. Direct artifactual effects of arm and hand motion were also modest and well below critical limits. Critically, MOTUM allowed us to extract rich kinematic measures and link them to brain activity on a trial-by-trial basis. Parametric modulation analyses revealed that natural variations in movement dynamics significantly influenced neural responses in parietal, frontal, and occipital regions. In sum, MOTUM is a robust method to study motor control and beyond, enabling a new class of fMRI experiments that bridge ecological realism and experimental control, pushing current neuroimaging research toward real-life neuroscience.