Abstract
The habit of smoking in its various forms represents a significant public health concern due to its wide range of pathological effects, included the oral cavity. In recent years, alternatives to traditional cigarettes, such as heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes, have gained popularity and are often marketed as potentially less harmful options. This study seeks to evaluate and compare the morphometric characteristics of oral mucosal capillaries in individuals who consume combusted tobacco, heated tobacco, vaporized liquid, and non-smokers. Using videocapillaroscopy, we assessed both parametric and non-parametric data from 60 patients, divided into four groups according to their smoking habits. The analysis revealed significant differences in capillary morphology among the groups. Users of combusted tobacco exhibited pronounced reductions in capillary diameter, alongside increased tortuosity and the presence of microaneurysms. These alterations are indicative of chronic inflammation and vasoconstriction, likely driven by exposure to nicotine and the high temperatures associated with combustion. Conversely, users of heated tobacco and vaporized liquid exhibited comparatively fewer vascular abnormalities, although angiogenic effects attributable to nicotine were still observable. These findings suggest that alternative tobacco products may have a comparatively lesser impact on the oral microcirculation when compared to traditional smoking. However, the potential long-term effects of these products remain unclear. Further longitudinal research is required to fully understand the risks associated with prolonged use of heated tobacco and electronic cigarettes.