Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hand hygiene is the most effective and feasible infection prevention and control measure within the healthcare facilities. Despite the ease and simplicity of the technique, the adherence rate among health professionals remains suboptimal. Hence, developing targeted interventions to improve adherence requires a clear understanding of these obstacles. Therefore, this systematic reviews of existing literature aims to fully understand the context specific barriers of hand hygiene to answer why barriers persisted despite the interventions to maintaining hand hygiene practices among healthcare providers. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted to synthesize existing evidence according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) qualitative studies review methodology on qualitative studies publish between the year 2010 and 2024. The study is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guideline (PRISMA) and the protocol for the study was published on PROSPERO (CRD42024573753) before commencing the study. RESULT: The review included twenty eight studies that are conducted in different regions of the world representing six of the continents. The study identified four interconnected themes of barriers with many subthemes. Behavioural barriers and organizational barriers were the most highlighted themes within the review. Physical barriers were one of the significant themes, where unavailability and inconvenience of hand hygiene resources gain the most attention by study participants across the studies. The fourth theme was societal/interpersonal barriers characterized by negative social influence and unsupportive colleagues. CONCLUSION: The study highlights that the barriers to hand hygiene adherence among healthcare professionals are intertwined and complex, with the main interplaying among behavioural, societal/interpersonal, physical, and organizational barriers. The findings underscore that the intertwined nature of these barriers requires a multifaceted approach involving the relevant stakeholders to improve hand hygiene adherence among healthcare providers.