Abstract
BACKGROUND: Indigenous populations globally face significant health disparities compared to non-Indigenous groups, primarily due to marginalization and limited access to healthcare. In Mexico, which is home to the largest Indigenous population in the Americas, these disparities were further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, with impacts intensified by factors such as marginalization, discrimination, and inadequate access to essential services. METHODS: This study aimed to investigate the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on mortality, vaccination access and uptake, and official birth registration among a predominantly Indigenous population in San Juan Chamula, Chiapas. We conducted an online survey among high school students at the Colegio de Bachilleres del Estado de Chiapas, supplemented with epidemiological and socio-demographic data (N = 107). RESULTS: The survey revealed that 14% of respondents reported being infected with COVID-19, while national dashboard data indicated only 212 confirmed cases and one death in Chamula between April 2021 and June 2023. Additionally, 79.4% of respondents were unvaccinated, with significant communication barriers and a lack of information in Indigenous languages contributing to low vaccination rates. Additionally, 5.6% of surveyed family members and 4.7% of community residents lacked official birth certificates, significantly impeding their ability to access essential services such as education, healthcare, and vaccinations. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight significant underreporting of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Indigenous communities, likely due to inadequate diagnostic resources and medical evaluation. The study underscores the urgent need for tailored public health strategies that integrate local Indigenous languages, cultures, and knowledge systems supported by trusted Indigenous leaders. Investing in education in Indigenous languages is crucial for improving vaccination adherence and overall public health outcomes. These strategies can inform national preparedness and response plans to address the unique challenges faced by Indigenous populations during pandemics and other public health crises.