Abstract
BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance of Enterobacterales poses a major challenge in the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), standard microbiological (i.e. urine culture and simple disk diffusion test) methods are considered the "gold standard" for bacterial identification and drug susceptibility testing, while PCR and DNA sequencing are less commonly used. In this study, we aimed to re-identifying Enterobacterales as the primary bacterial agents responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs) by comparing the sensitivity and specificity of traditional microbiological methods with advanced molecular techniques for the detection of uropathogens in indigenous women from Otavalo, Ecuador. METHODS: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2021 to February 2022 among Kichwa-Otavalo women. Pathogens from urine samples were identified using culture and biochemical typing. Morphological identification was doble-checked through PCR and DNA sequencing of 16S, recA, and rpoB molecular barcodes. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility-testing using disk diffusion test. RESULTS: This study highlighted a 32% misidentification rate between biochemical and molecular identification. Using traditional methods, E. coli was 26.19% underrepresented meanwhile Klebsiella oxytoca was overrepresented by 92.86%. Furthermore, the genera Pseudomonas, Proteus, and Serratia were confirmed to be E. coli and Klebsiella spp. by molecular method, and one Klebsiella spp. was reidentified as Enterobacter spp. The susceptibility profile showed that 59% of the isolates were multidrug resistant strains and 31% produced extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Co-trimoxazole was the least effective antibiotic with 61% of the isolates resistant. Compared to previous reports, resistance to nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin showed an increase in resistance by 25% and 15%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Community-acquired UTIs in indigenous women in Otavalo were primarily caused by E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Molecular identification (16S/rpoB/recA) revealed a high rate of misidentification by standard biochemical and microbiological techniques, which could lead to incorrect antibiotic prescriptions. UTI isolates in this population displayed higher levels of resistance to commonly used antibiotics compared with non-indigenous groups. Accurate identification of pathogens causing UTIs and their antibiotic susceptibility in local populations is important for local antibiotic prescribing guidelines.