Abstract
BACKGROUND: Ketorolac is an opioid sparing agent commonly used in children. However, ketorolac may be avoided in children with peritonitis owing to a possible increased risk of bleeding. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of healthy children 2-18 years who underwent appendectomy for perforated appendicitis was performed using the Pediatric Health Information System (2009-2019). Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between perioperative ketorolac use and postoperative blood transfusions within 30 days of surgery, adjusting for patient and hospital level factors. An interaction between ketorolac and ibuprofen was evaluated to identify synergistic effects. RESULTS: Overall, 55,603 children with perforated appendicitis underwent appendectomy and 82.3% (N = 45,769) received ketorolac. Of those, 32% (N = 14,864) also received ibuprofen. Receipt of a blood transfusion was infrequent (N = 189, 0.3%). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, perioperative ketorolac administration was associated with decreased odds of a blood transfusion (OR 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35-0.79). However, children receiving ketorolac and ibuprofen were more likely to require a blood transfusion (OR 1.99, 95% CI: 1.42-2.79). In a subset of children receiving ketorolac, each additional day of ketorolac was associated with an increase odds of blood transfusion (OR 1.39, 95% CI: 1.30-1.49). CONCLUSION: Perioperative ketorolac alone is not associated with an increased risk of significant bleeding in children undergoing appendectomy for perforated appendicitis. However, use of both ketorolac and ibuprofen during hospitalization was associated with increased risk of bleeding, although precise timing of administration of these medications was unable to be determined. Extended ketorolac use was also associated with increased risk of bleeding requiring blood transfusion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.