Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant global health problem associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) utilizes tongue diagnosis to differentiate symptoms and predict prognosis. This study examines the relationship between tongue characteristics and CKD severity using an automatic tongue diagnosis system (ATDS), which captures tongue images non-invasively to provide objective diagnostic information. METHODS: This cross-sectional, case-control study was conducted from July 1, 2019, to December 31, 2021. Participants were divided into three groups based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): control (eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.732), CKD stage 3 (30 ≤ eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.732), and CKD stage 4-5 (eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.732). Tongue images were analyzed using ATDS to extract nine primary features: tongue shape, color, fur, saliva, fissures, ecchymosis, tooth marks, and red dots. Statistical analyses included non-parametric methods and ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS: This study revealed that significant differences in the fur thickness, tongue color, amount of ecchymosis, and saliva among three groups. Ordinal logistic regression indicated that pale tongue color (OR: 2.107, P < 0.001), bluish tongue color (OR: 2.743, P = 0.001), yellow fur (OR: 3.195, P < 0.001), wet saliva (OR: 2.536, P < 0.001), and ecchymoses (OR: 1.031, P = 0.012) were significantly associated with increased CKD severity. Additionally, each red dot and tooth mark decreased the odds of severe CKD. CONCLUSION: Tongue features such as paleness, wet saliva, yellow fur, and ecchymosis are prevalent in CKD patients and can serve as early clinical indicators of the disease. This study demonstrates that TCM tongue diagnosis, facilitated by ATDS, is a valuable, non-invasive method for identifying CKD and distinguishing its stages.