Abstract
T-cell immune attack of cancer cells underlies the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in many cancer subtypes, but is not yet well established in the primary brain cancer glioblastoma. Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatments that disinhibit the immune system to enhance immune clearance of cancer have in rare cases resulted in T-cell attack of peripheral ganglia causing lymphocytic ganglionitis. In glioblastoma, lymphocytic ganglionitis has not been reported and checkpoint inhibitors are not routinely used. Here we report a case of glioblastoma not treated with checkpoint inhibitors in which the primary tumor and peripheral ganglia of the celiac and sympathetic chains, as well as myenteric plexus, are infiltrated by CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cells. In addition to the marked lymphocytic infiltrates, this case is also notable for an unusually long survival (8 years) after diagnosis with glioblastoma, but an ultimately fatal outcome due to ileus. The findings suggest T-cell immune attack of glioblastoma may prolong survival, but also suggest T-cell autoimmune diseases such as lymphocytic ganglionitis could become a risk with the future use of immune-targeted therapies for glioblastoma.