Abstract
Increased emergence of drug resistance and DON pollution pose a severe problem in Fusarium head blight (FHB) control. While the H+ antiporter (DHA) family plays crucial roles in drug resistance, the characterization of DHA transporters has not been systematically studied in pathogenetic fungi. In this study, a systematic gene deletion analysis of all putative DHA transporter genes was carried out in Fusarium graminearum, and one DHA1 transporter FgQdr2 was found to be involved in multiple drug resistance, ion homeostasis, and virulence. Further exploration showed that FgQdr2 is mainly localized in the cell membrane; its expression under normal growth conditions is comparatively low, but sufficient for the regulation of drug efflux. Additionally, investigation of its physiological substrates demonstrated that FgQdr2 is essential for the transport of K+, Na+, Cu2+, and the regulation of the membrane proton gradient. For its roles in the FHB disease cycle, FgQdr2 is associated with fungal infection via regulating the biosynthesis of virulence factor deoxynivalenol (DON), the scavenging of the phytoalexin, as well as both asexual and sexual reproduction in F. graminearum. Overall, the results of this study reveal the crucial roles of FgQdr2 in multiple drug resistance, ion homeostasis, and pathogenicity, which advance the understanding of the DHA transporters in pathogenetic fungi.