Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Clinical guidelines recommend annual eye examinations to detect diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with diabetes. However, timely DR detection remains a problem in medically underserved and under-resourced settings in the United States. Machine learning that identifies patients with latent/undiagnosed DR could help to address this problem. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using electronic health record data from 40 631 unique diabetic patients seen at Los Angeles County Department of Health Services healthcare facilities between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2017, we compared ten machine learning environments, including five classifier models, for assessing the presence or absence of DR. We also used data from a distinct set of 9300 diabetic patients seen between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018 as an external validation set. RESULTS: Following feature subset selection, the classifier with the best AUC on the external validation set was a deep neural network using majority class undersampling, with an AUC of 0.8, the sensitivity of 72.17%, and specificity of 74.2%. DISCUSSION: A deep neural network produced the best AUCs and sensitivity results on the test set and external validation set. Models are intended to be used to screen guideline noncompliant diabetic patients in an urban safety-net setting. CONCLUSION: Machine learning on diabetic patients' routinely collected clinical data could help clinicians in safety-net settings to identify and target unscreened diabetic patients who potentially have undiagnosed DR.