Abstract
Accurate diagnosis and subsequent therapeutic options in pulmonary diseases mainly rely on imaging methods and histological assessment. However, imaging examinations are hampered by the limited spatial resolution of images and most procedures that are related to histological assessment are invasive with associated complications. As a result, a high-resolution imaging technology - confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE), which is at the forefront and enables real-time microscopic visualisation of the morphologies and architectures of tissues or cells - has been developed to resolve the clinical dilemma pertaining to current techniques. The current evidence has shown that CLE has the potential to facilitate advanced diagnostic capabilities, to monitor and to aid the tailored treatment regime for patients with pulmonary diseases, as well as to expand the horizon for unravelling the mechanism and therapeutic targets of pulmonary diseases. In the future, if CLE can be combined with artificial intelligence, early, rapid and accurate diagnosis will be achieved through identifying the images automatically. As promising as this technique may be, further investigations are required before it can enter routine clinical practice.