Abstract
Biomarkers are becoming pivotal in understanding the complex pathophysiology of disc herniation and guiding novel therapeutic strategies. Recent research highlights the value of molecular and cellular biomarkers in delineating disease progression, treatment monitoring and patient stratification. This review summarizes current advances in the identification and validation of emerging biomarkers across genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic domains, emphasizing their potential to bridge basic mechanistic insights with clinical translation. Particular attention is given to the interplay between inflammatory mediators, extracellular matrix turnover, and immune cell activity as indicators of lumbar disc herniation diagnosis and prognosis. Despite encouraging progress, standardization of biomarker validation protocols, inter-study comparability, and large-scale clinical implementation remain major challenges. Future directions include the integration of multi-omics technologies and bioinformatic tools to identify predictive biomarker panels with diagnostic and prognostic utility towards personalized medicine.