Abstract
The global population is ageing rapidly. While genetics, lifestyle, and environment are known contributors to healthspan, most insights are drawn from Western cohorts, leaving Asian populations underrepresented despite unique biological, lifestyle, and cultural factors. The SG90 cohort study aimed to fill knowledge gaps in healthy ageing by identifying modifiable medical, biological, lifestyle, psychological, behavioural, and social factors that contribute to longevity in the oldest-old. The study recruited 1,158 participants aged 85 and above from the Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS) and Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study (SLAS) between 2015 and 2021. Data collection involved face-to-face interviews to obtain sociodemographic, lifestyle, sleep, functional status, quality of life, medical conditions and healthcare economics information, along with clinical assessments covering physical examinations, anthropometry, physical performance, cognition, and mental health. Biospecimens, including blood, saliva, stool, urine, toenails, hair, and skin tape strips were collected to support extensive multi-omic and cellular analyses. Participants, primarily female (64.5%) and Chinese (97.5%) with a median age of 87 years [interquartile range (IQR): 86-89], were mostly non-smokers (72.1%) and infrequent alcohol consumers (94.9%), with 66.5% exercising regularly. Functional assessments indicate high independence, with median Basic activities of daily living (BADL) and Instrumental ADL (IADL) scores of 20 (IQR: 19-20) and 14 (IQR: 11-16), respectively. 36% of participants rated their self-reported health as good to excellent. The SG90 cohort study offers a comprehensive clinical and biological data resource on healthy ageing among Asia's oldest-old, laying a foundation for targeted interventions to promote healthy longevity and quality of life.