Abstract
Microalgae are emerging as innovative bioresources with diverse therapeutic applications, particularly in cardiovascular health, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant responses. These bioactive compounds effectively reduce inflammatory mediators, mitigate oxidative stress, and support mitochondrial health-critical factors in exercise performance, recovery, and chronic disease management. Notably, microalgae such as Spirulina and Chlorella exhibit promising biological activities in preclinical and limited clinical studies, including anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. However, large-scale, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) remain scarce, limiting their clinical translation. Although preliminary evidence suggests potential benefits for sports performance, oxidative stress reduction, and cognitive function, most studies are small-scale, preclinical, or observational. Large, well-powered RCTs are needed to confirm their efficacy and safety. Within the framework of Predictive, Preventive, and Personalized Medicine (PPPM/3PM), this review explores microalgae's potential in predictive diagnostics, targeted prevention, and individualized supplementation strategies. Despite promising findings, clinical application requires a cautious approach due to insufficient high-quality trials supporting microalgae-based interventions in medical practice. Future research should prioritize RCTs, pharmacokinetic studies, and long-term safety assessments to establish evidence-based guidelines for their use in health and disease management.