Abstract
Different Streptococcal species including Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Enterococcus faecalis are commonly isolated in root canal infections including refractory, recurrent, and persistent cases. Calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)(2)) has been widely used in endodontics as an intracanal medicament. However, using new antimicrobial herbal alternatives offers promising potentials which can be additionally enhanced by using nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, we evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy and antibiofilm effect of Neem oil including its NPs preparations and we compare the effect of conventional Ca (OH)(2) to Ca (OH)(2) NPs using standard disc diffusion method and quantitative microtitre dish biofilm formation assay against common pathogens isolated from root canal samples. Molecular docking was used to test the binding of 10 Streptococcal macromolecules to 5 candidate neem active constituents. Neem NPs 0.125 mg/ml showed better antibacterial effect than both Neem 15 mg/ml and Neem 0.15 mg/ml. Ca (OH)(2) NPs 0.125 mg/ml also showed better antibacterial effect than each of Ca (OH)(2) 10 mg/ml and Ca (OH)(2) 0.1 mg/ml. Best biofilm mass inhibition was achieved by Neem oil 0.15 mg/ml at 74.55% ( IQ: 67.36-87.65) and Neem NPs 0.0125 mg/ml at 59.33% (IQ: 51--75.27). For Ca (OH)(2), the best biofilm mass inhibition was observed with Ca (OH)(2) NPs 0.125 mg/ml at 54.7% (IQ: 42.37- 77.25). Both neem oil and neem NPs show promising antibacterial and antibiofilm potential against Mutans Streptococci group at low concentrations and hence are good candidates for use as endodontic medications. In silico analysis shows that both Sitosterol and Gedunin appear to be important active constituents of neem and possible drug candidates. Additionally, Ca (OH)(2) NPs showed significantly higher antimicrobial effect against Mutans streptococci group than conventional Ca (OH)(2) preparations.