Abstract
Novel technologies and therapies are evolving rapidly in the field of electrophysiology and cardiac ablation, particularly with the aim of improving the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) where pharmacologic treatment fails. High-power short-duration radiofrequency (RF) ablation, in association with the optimized cooling process of the electrode-tissue interface, is one of the most promising approaches for treating durable lesions and pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Cryo energy, laser, and RF current are examples of novel tools used by competitive balloon catheter platforms and these tools are specifically created to properly promote an effective PVI. Specific mention deserves to be made on the linear array ablation with ultra-low temperature cryoablation that appears promising for durable lesions. It is needless to remind here about the novel evolving energy source in the form of pulsed electrical field (PFA), which results in an irreversible electroporation of myocardial tissue, sparing the surrounding tissue, and thus, apparently with a significant reduction of potential untoward effects. Furthermore, intensive research is in place to specifically investigate the activation pattern of AF so as to devise a patient-('tailored') target ablation, although with inhomogeneous results. Overall, it seems that technologies and therapies are evolving so rapidly than ever with the hope of achieving better long-term clinical results and an improved quality of life for our patients.