Abstract
Angina pectoris is the symptomatic manifestation of transient myocardial ischaemia. At the most fundamental level, angina arises when myocardial oxygen demand exceeds the ability of the coronary circulation to provide adequate oxygen delivery to maintain normal myocardial metabolic function. In vivo, the balance of oxygen demand and delivery is a complex physiological process that can be altered by a variety of interventions. Lifestyle modification is a cornerstone of cardiovascular disease management, with or without angina. Additional pharmaceutical and physical interventions are usually applied to patients with angina. Mechanisms of action for these interventions include heart rate modulation, vascular smooth muscle relaxation, metabolic manipulation, revascularization, and others. A number of these interventions have overlapping mechanisms that target angina. Additionally, some interventions may directly or indirectly prevent or delay adverse outcomes such as myocardial infarction or death. This review summarizes current evidence for many applied ischaemia treatments documented to modify angina and comments on available evidence relating to improvement in cardiovascular outcomes.