Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health concern due to the decreasing number of antibiotics available for therapeutic use as more drug-resistant bacteria develop. Changes in the membrane properties of Gram-negative bacteria can influence their response to antibiotics and give rise to resistance. Thus, understanding the interactions between the bacterial membrane and antibiotics is important for elucidating microbial membrane properties to use for designing novel antimicrobial drugs. To study bacterial membrane-antibiotic interactions, we created a surface-supported planar bacterial outer membrane model on an optically-transparent, conducting polymer surface (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)). This model enables membrane characterization using fluorescence microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The membrane platform is fabricated using outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) isolated from clinically relevant Gram-negative bacteria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. This approach enables us to mimic the native components of the bacterial membrane by incorporating native lipids, membrane proteins, and lipopolysaccharides. Using EIS, we determined membrane impedance and captured membrane-antibiotic interactions using the antibiotics polymyxin B, bacitracin, and meropenem. This sensor platform incorporates aspects of the biological complexity found in bacterial outer membranes and, by doing so, offers a powerful, biomimetic approach to the study of antimicrobial drug interactions.