Abstract
BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor with poor prognosis and low survival rates. Standard treatments, such as surgery and radiotherapy, are limited by tumor infiltration and resistance. To review current vaccine strategies for GBM, including peptide, virotherapy, cell-based, and genetic vaccines, with a focus on mRNA vaccines. METHODS: Relevant literature on GBM vaccines and immunotherapy was reviewed to summarize design, mechanisms, and potential clinical applications. RESULTS: Cancer vaccines aim to activate the immune system to target tumor cells. mRNA vaccines are promising due to their flexibility, rapid production, and strong immune activation, though clinical investigation is ongoing. CONCLUSION: Vaccine-based therapies, particularly mRNA vaccines, hold potential for personalized GBM treatment, but further studies are needed to confirm efficacy and optimize use.