Abstract
The noninvasive, quantitative ability of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to characterize small molecule metabolites has long been recognized as a major strength of its application in biology. Numerous techniques exist for characterizing metabolism in living, excised, or extracted tissue, with a particular focus on (1) H-based methods due to the high sensitivity and natural abundance of protons. With the increasing use of high magnetic fields, the utility of in vivo (1) H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has markedly improved for measuring specific metabolite concentrations in biological tissues. Higher fields, coupled with recent developments in hyperpolarization, also enable techniques for complimenting (1) H measurements with spectroscopy of other nuclei, such as (31) P and (13) C, and for combining measurements of metabolite pools with metabolic flux measurements. We compare ex vivo and in vivo methods for studying metabolism in the brain using NMR and highlight insights gained through using higher magnetic fields, the advent of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization, and combining in vivo MRS and ex vivo NMR approaches.