Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are highly adaptable and resilient to challenges. Nutrient availability can induce changes in biofilm growth, architecture and mechanical properties. Their extracellular matrix plays an important role in achieving biofilm stability under different environmental conditions. Curli amyloid fibers are critical for the architecture and stiffness of E. coli biofilms, but how this major matrix component adapts to different environmental cues remains unclear. We investigated, for the first time, the effect of nutrient availability both on biofilm material properties and on the structure and properties of curli amyloid fibers extracted from similar biofilms. Our results show that biofilms grown on low nutrient substrates are stiffer, contain more curli fibers, and these fibers present higher β-sheet content and chemical stability. Our multiscale study sheds new light on the relationship between bacterial matrix molecular structure and biofilm macroscopic properties. This knowledge will benefit the development of both anti-biofilm strategies and biofilm-based materials.