Abstract
AIM: To assess the long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of neonates born at term diagnosed with perinatal haemorrhagic stroke (PHS) and investigate the associations among brain territorial involvement, clinical risk factors, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. METHOD: We conducted a population-based study enrolling 55 neonates born at term with PHS confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging born between 2007 and 2017. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition, the Brunet-Lézine test, and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition. RESULTS: Follow-up was available in 50 (91%) of the infants, at a median age of 60 months (interquartile range 35-88). Forty per cent of the infants developed according to population norms, and developmental disabilities were diagnosed less frequently among neonates with frontal lobe PHS. In a multivariable model, parietal lobe PHS increased the risk for cerebral palsy (odds ratio [OR] 6.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-41.4) and cognitive impairment (OR: 23.6; 95% CI: 2.9-194.9), while the involvement of the thalamus and/or basal ganglia was associated with epilepsy (OR: 7.0; 95% CI: 1.3-37.7). Seizures on admission were associated with epilepsy (OR: 10.8; 95% CI: 1.8-64.3). Patients with PHS affecting multiple lobes had poor prognosis. INTERPRETATION: Parietal lobe haemorrhage, the involvement of the thalamus/basal ganglia, PHS affecting multiple lobes, and seizures were independent predictors of chronic neurodevelopmental sequelae, suggesting that the stroke territorial involvement and clinical risk factors influence the outcome of PHS.