Abstract
BACKGROUND: The causes of symptoms in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to correlate the magnitudes of skin sympathetic nerve activity (SKNA) with symptoms in patients with AF. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled patients with symptomatic paroxysmal AF for ambulatory electrocardiography and SKNA recording. Heart rhythms at the time of symptoms were categorized as AF or normal sinus rhythm (NSR). Maximal and average skin sympathetic nerve activity (aSKNA) and heart rate (HR) were compared between symptomatic and asymptomatic AF and NSR episodes using mixed effects models to account for within-patient correlations. RESULTS: Among the 31 enrolled patients, 16 (52%) had at least 1 episode of AF, and 24 (77%) endorsed symptoms during the monitoring period. Compared with asymptomatic AF episodes, symptomatic AF episodes had higher maximal aSKNA (1.260 [interquartile range (IQR) 1.114-1.723] μV vs 1.108 [IQR 0.974-1.312] μV; P <0.001) and higher maximal HR (152 ± 24 bpm vs 132 ± 19 bpm; P <.001). Symptomatic NSR episodes were associated with higher maximal aSKNA (1.612 [IQR 1.287-2.027] μV vs 1.332 [IQR 1.033-1.668] μV; P = .001) and higher maximal HR (152 ± 24 bpm vs 105 ± 16 bpm; P <.001) than asymptomatic NSR episodes. Of the symptomatic episodes, 66 (73%) occurred during NSR and 24 (27%) during AF. All P values were obtained from mixed effects models. CONCLUSION: Symptomatic episodes in patients with paroxysmal AF were more frequently associated with NSR than AF. Symptomatic AF and NSR episodes were associated with higher aSKNA than asymptomatic episodes. In patients with paroxysmal AF, symptoms correlate better with SKNA than heart rhythm.