Abstract
The binding of circulating cells to the vascular wall is a central process in inflammation, metastasis, and therapeutic cell delivery. Previous in vitro studies have identified the adhesion molecules on various circulating cells and the endothelium that govern the process under static conditions. Other studies have attempted to simulate in vivo conditions by subjecting adherent cells to shear stress as they interact with the endothelial cells in vitro. These experiments are generally performed with the cells suspended in Newtonian solutions. However, in vivo conditions are more complex because of the non-Newtonian flow of blood, which is a suspension consisting of 20-40% erythrocytes by volume. The forces imparted by the erythrocytes in the flow can contribute to the process of cell adhesion. A number of experimental and theoretical studies have suggested that the rheology of blood can influence the binding of circulating leukocytes by increasing the normal and axial forces on leukocytes or the frequency of their collision with the vessel wall, but there have been no systematic investigations of these phenomena to date. The present study quantifies the contribution of red blood cells (RBCs) in cell capture and adhesion to endothelial monolayers using a combination of mathematical modeling and in vitro studies. Mathematical modeling of the flow experiments suggested a physical mechanism involving RBC-induced leukocyte dispersion and/or increased normal adhesive contact. Flow chamber studies performed with and without RBCs in the suspending medium showed increases in wall collision and binding frequencies, and a decrease in rolling velocity in the presence of erythrocytes. Increased fluid viscosity alone did not influence the binding frequency, and the differences could not be attributed to large near-wall excesses of the lymphocytes. The results indicate that RBCs aid in the transport and initial engagement of lymphocytes to the vascular wall, modifying the existing paradigm for immune cell surveillance of the vascular endothelium by adding the erythrocyte as an essential contributor to this process.