Abstract
The preclinical exploration of nanomedicine for cancer theranostics is rapidly expanding, underscoring its significant translational potential. The diverse physicochemical properties of these nanosystems — including size, morphology, surface charge, hydrophobicity, catalytic activity, and chirality — inevitably influence their interactions with biological systems. As a result, comprehensive biological validation and interdisciplinary collaboration across fields such as biochemistry, biomedical engineering, pharmacology, immunology, and oncology are essential.