Abstract
Long-lasting protective immune responses are expected following vaccination. However, most vaccines alone are inability to evoke an efficient protection. The combinatory administration of adjuvants with vaccines is critical for generating the enhanced immune responses. Herein, with biocompatible poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) as template, 2.5 nm iron/molybdenum oxide cluster, {Mo(72)Fe(30)}, is applied as an adjuvant to co-assemble with antigens of Mycobacterium bovis via hydrogen bonding at molecular scale. Molecular scale integration of the antigens and {Mo(72)Fe(30)} and their full exposure to body fluid media contribute to the augmentation of both humoral and cellular immune responses of the vaccines after inoculation in mice. Anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 gradually increases after 2 weeks followed by a final back to normal level by the 5th week. The balance between proinflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory factors suggests that immune system can be activated in the early stage of infection by the antigens carried by the supra-particles and secrete acute inflammatory factors for host defense and antiinflammatory factors for immune protection. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: Supplementary material (further structural analysis and biological analsyis) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-021-4004-9.