Abstract
The pancreas is a glandular organ responsible for diverse homeostatic functions, including hormone production from the endocrine islet cells to regulate blood sugar levels and enzyme secretion from the exocrine acinar cells to facilitate food digestion. These pancreatic functions are essential for life; therefore, preserving pancreatic function is of utmost importance. Pancreas dysfunction can arise either from developmental disorders or adult onset disease, both of which are caused by defects in shared molecular pathways. In this chapter, we discuss what is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling pancreas development, how disruption of these mechanisms can lead to developmental defects and disease, and how essential pancreas functions can be modeled using human pluripotent stem cells. At the core of understanding of these molecular processes are animal model studies that continue to be essential for elucidating the mechanisms underlying human pancreatic functions and diseases.