Abstract
BACKGROUND: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a diet- and microbiome-derived metabolite and a proposed biomarker of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes. TMAO studies have mainly been conducted in individuals with cardiometabolic disease, and studies in population-derived samples are limited. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the associations between plasma TMAO concentrations and its precursors [carnitine, choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine (DMG)] with metabolic syndrome (MetS) scores, preclinical cardiovascular phenotypes, and inflammatory biomarkers (i.e. high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and serum glycoprotein acetyls) in a population-derived cohort of children and their parents. METHODS: The concentrations of TMAO and its precursors were quantified using UHPLC coupled with tandem MS (UHPLC/MS-MS) in 1166 children (mean age 11 y ± 0.5 y, 51% female) and 1324 adults (44 y ± 5.1 y, 87% female) participating in The Growing Up in Australia's Child Health CheckPoint Study. We developed multivariable fractional polynomial models to analyze associations between TMAO, its precursors, MetS (adjusted for sex and age), and cardiovascular phenotypes (adjusted for sex, age, BMI, household income, and the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio). Pearson's correlations were computed to identify associations between TMAO, its precursors, and inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS: The concentrations of TMAO precursors, but not TMAO itself, were associated with MetS, cardiovascular phenotypes, and inflammatory biomarkers in children and adults. CONCLUSIONS: TMAO precursors, but not TMAO itself, were associated with adverse cardiometabolic and inflammatory phenotypes in children and adults. TMAO precursor concentrations may better reflect cardiovascular health and inflammatory status within the wider population. Replication in other population settings and mechanistic studies are warranted.