Abstract
BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI), a field within computer science, uses algorithms to replicate human intelligence tasks such as pattern recognition, decision-making and problem-solving through complex datasets. In endodontics, AI is transforming diagnosis and treatment by applying deep learning algorithms, notably convolutional neural networks, which mimic human brain function to analyse two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) data. OBJECTIVES: This article provides an overview of AI applications in endodontics, evaluating its use in 2D and 3D imaging and examining its role as a beneficial tool or potential challenge. METHODS: Through a narrative review, the article explores AI's use in 2D and 3D imaging modalities, discusses their limitations and examines future directions in the field. RESULTS: AI significantly enhances endodontic practice by improving diagnostic accuracy, workflow efficiency, and treatment planning. In 2D imaging, AI excels at detecting periapical lesions on both periapical and panoramic radiographs, surpassing expert radiologists in accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. AI also accurately detects and classifies radiolucent lesions, such as radicular cysts and periapical granulomas, matching the precision of histopathology analysis. In 3D imaging, AI automates the segmentation of fine structures such as pulp chambers and root canals on cone-beam computed tomography scans, thereby supporting personalized treatment planning. However, a significant limitation highlighted in some studies is the reliance on in vitro or ex vivo datasets for training AI models. These datasets do not replicate the complexities of clinical environments, potentially compromising the reliability of AI applications in endodontics. DISCUSSION: Despite advancements, challenges remain in dataset variability, algorithm generalization, and ethical considerations such as data security and privacy. Addressing these is essential for integrating AI effectively into clinical practice and unlocking its transformative potential in endodontic care. Integrating radiomics with AI shows promise for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and predictive analytics, potentially enabling automated decision support systems to enhance treatment outcomes and patient care. CONCLUSIONS: Although AI enhances endodontic capabilities through advanced imaging analyses, addressing current limitations and fostering collaboration between AI developers and dental professionals are essential. These efforts will unlock AI's potential to achieve more predictable and personalized treatment outcomes in endodontics, ultimately benefiting both clinicians and patients alike.