Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a pleiotropic beta-galactoside-binding protein expressed at relatively high levels in human neoplasms. Its carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) contains a hydrophobic pocket that can accommodate the farnesyl moiety of K-Ras. Binding of K-Ras to Gal-3 stabilizes K-Ras in its active (GTP-bound) state. Gal-3, which does not interact with N-Ras, was nevertheless shown to reduce N-Ras-GTP in BT-549 cells by an unknown mechanism that we explored here. First, comparative analysis of various cancer cell lines (glioblastomas, breast cancer cells and ovarian carcinomas) showed a positive correlation between low N-Ras-GTP/high K-Ras-GTP phenotype and Gal-3 expression levels. Next we found that epidermal growth factor-stimulated GTP loading of N-Ras, but not of K-Ras, is blocked in cells expressing high levels of Gal-3. Activation of Ras guanine nucleotide releasing proteins (RasGRPs) by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or downregulation of Gal-3 by Gal-3 shRNA increased the levels of N-Ras-GTP in Gal-3 expressing cells. We further show that the N-terminal domain of Gal-3 interacts with and inhibits RasGRP4-mediated GTP loading on N-Ras and H-Ras proteins. Growth of BT-549 cells stably expressing the Gal-3 N-terminal domain was strongly attenuated. Overall, these experiments demonstrate a new control mechanism of Ras activation in cancer cells whereby the Gal-3 N-terminal domain inhibits activation of N-Ras and H-Ras proteins.