Abstract
PURPOSE: The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter and essential for normal brain function. The GABAergic system has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects and respond adaptively to excitatory toxicity. The association of the GABAergic system and inflammation in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unknown. In this pilot study, the in vivo relationship between GABA(A) binding and the innate immune response is explored using positron emission tomography (PET) with [(11)C] flumazenil (FMZ) and [(11)C]-PK11195 PET (PK-PET), a measure of activated microglia/macrophages. PROCEDURES: Sixteen MS patients had dynamic FMZ-PET and PK-PET imaging. Ten age-matched healthy controls (HC) had a single FMZ-PET. GABA(A) receptor binding was calculated using Logan reference model with the pons as reference. Distribution of volume ratio (VTr) for PK-PET was calculated using image-derived input function. A hierarchical linear model was fitted to assess the linear association between PK-PET and FMZ-PET among six cortical regions of interest. RESULTS: GABA(A) receptor binding was higher throughout the cortex in MS patients (5.72 ± 0.91) as compared with HC (4.70 ± 0.41) (p = 0.002). A significant correlation was found between FMZ binding and PK-PET within the cortex (r = 0.61, p < 0.001) and among the occipital (r = 0.61, p = 0.012), parietal (r = 0.49, p = 0.041), and cingulate (r = 0.32, p = 0.006) regions. CONCLUSIONS: A higher GABA(A) receptor density in MS subjects compared with HC was observed and correlated with innate immune activity. Our observations demonstrate that immune-driven GABAergic abnormalities may be present in MS.