Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of crystal defects provides great potential and opportunities to construct the desired structure (hence with the desired properties) and tailor the synthetic process of crystalline materials. However, little is known about their regulation role in phase transition and crystallization pathways. It was generally thought that a phase transition in solution proceeds predominantly via the solvent-mediated phase-transformation pathway due to energetically high-cost solid-state phase transitions (if any). Herein, we report an unprecedented finding that an orientational disorder defect present in the crystal structure triggers an unusual pathway of a core-shell phase transition with apparent shape-preserved evolution. In the pathway, the solid-state dehydration phase transition occurs inside the crystal prior to its competitive transformation approach mediated by solvent, forming an unconventional core-shell structure. Through a series of combined experimental and computational techniques, we revealed that the presence of crystal defects, introduced by urate tautomerism over the course of crystallization, elevates the metastability of uric acid dihydrate (UAD) crystals and triggers UAD dehydration to the uric acid anhydrate (UAA) phase in the crystal core which precedes with surface dissolution of the shell UAD crystal and recrystallization of the core phase. This unique phase transition could also be related to defect density, which appears to be influenced by the thickness of UAD crystals and crystallization driving force. The discovery of an unusual pathway of the core-shell phase transition suggests that the solid-state phase transition is not necessarily slower than the solvent-mediated phase transformation in solution and provides an alternative approach to constructing the core-shell structure. Moreover, the fundamental role of orientational disorder defects on the phase transition identified in this study demonstrates the feasibility to tailor phase transition and crystallization pathways by strategically importing crystal defects, which has broad applications in crystal engineering.