Abstract
BACKGROUND: Investigations on plant-pathogen interactions require quantitative, accurate, and rapid phenotyping of crop diseases. However, visual assessment of disease symptoms is preferred over available numerical tools due to transferability challenges. These assessments are laborious, time-consuming, require expertise, and are rater dependent. More recently, deep learning has produced interesting results for evaluating plant diseases. Nevertheless, it has yet to be used to quantify the severity of Septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by Zymoseptoria tritici-a frequently occurring and damaging disease on wheat crops. RESULTS: We developed an image analysis script in Python, called SeptoSympto. This script uses deep learning models based on the U-Net and YOLO architectures to quantify necrosis and pycnidia on detached, flattened and scanned leaves of wheat seedlings. Datasets of different sizes (containing 50, 100, 200, and 300 leaves) were annotated to train Convolutional Neural Networks models. Five different datasets were tested to develop a robust tool for the accurate analysis of STB symptoms and facilitate its transferability. The results show that (i) the amount of annotated data does not influence the performances of models, (ii) the outputs of SeptoSympto are highly correlated with those of the experts, with a similar magnitude to the correlations between experts, and (iii) the accuracy of SeptoSympto allows precise and rapid quantification of necrosis and pycnidia on both durum and bread wheat leaves inoculated with different strains of the pathogen, scanned with different scanners and grown under different conditions. CONCLUSIONS: SeptoSympto takes the same amount of time as a visual assessment to evaluate STB symptoms. However, unlike visual assessments, it allows for data to be stored and evaluated by experts and non-experts in a more accurate and unbiased manner. The methods used in SeptoSympto make it a transferable, highly accurate, computationally inexpensive, easy-to-use, and adaptable tool. This study demonstrates the potential of using deep learning to assess complex plant disease symptoms such as STB.