Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory chronic disease of the arterial wall. Monomeric (m) and pentameric (p) C-reactive protein (CRP) and oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDL) seem to affect the pattern of cytokine production by macrophages, thus playing an important role in atherogenesis. Azide, the commercial preservative of CRP, may influence its action in vitro. The present study aimed to determine the effects of both isoforms of azide-containing CRP (mCRP and pCRP) with and without oxLDL on cytokine production by U937-derived macrophages. U937 monocytes were cultured and differentiated into macrophages and treated with mCRP, pCRP, oxLDL and azide individually and in combination. ELISA were performed to measure the levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in culture supernatants collected from U937-derived macrophages following their respective treatments. Most single and combined treatments, especially in triple combination, were able to downregulate the levels of IFN-γ and IL-6 compared with control untreated cells, whilst the combination of mCRP and pCRP increased IL-4 levels. Regarding IL-10, except for an increase induced by mCRP, no significant effect was caused by any treatment compared with the control. On the other hand, the levels of TNF-α were not significantly affected by any treatment except for a decreasing trend that was observed with mCRP/oxLDL treatment compared with control. By contrast, double azide caused a significant decrease in the levels of IFN-γ and IL-6. The results of the present study indicated that mCRP, pCRP, oxLD and possibly azide, individually or in different combinations, had the tendency to upregulate the expression of IL-4 and to downregulate that of the pro-atherogenic cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-6, suggesting that the intima microenvironment serves a crucial role in atherogenesis.