Abstract
Non‑syndromic orofacial clefts (NSOC), which include cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate only (CPO), are common congenital birth defects in humans. Accumulating evidence indicates that long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play important roles in NSOC; however, the potential regulatory associations between them remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed next‑generation RNA sequencing (RNA‑seq) to identify transcriptome profiles, including mRNAs, lncRNAs and miRNAs, in patients with CL/P and CPO. A total of 36 lncRNAs, 1,341 mRNAs and 60 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in the CL/P group compared to the control group, and 57 lncRNAs, 1,255 mRNAs and 162 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in the CPO group compared to the control group. Subsequently, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) was performed to validate the expression of selected lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs. In addition, bioinformatics methods were employed to explore the potential functions of ncRNAs and to construct lncRNA‑miRNA‑mRNA regulatory networks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively analyze regulated non‑coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in CL/P and CPO, providing a novel perspective on the etiology of NSOC and laying the foundation for future research into the potential regulatory mechanisms of ncRNAs and mRNAs in NSOC.